Steels in General

Definition

Steel is the common name for a large family of iron alloys which are easily malleable after the molten stage.Steels are commonly made from iron ore, coal, and limestone. When these raw materials are put into the blast furnace, the result is a "pig iron" which has a composition of iron, carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. One of the common sights at the steel manufacturing plant    As pig iron is hard and brittle, steelmakers must refine the material by purifying it and then adding other elements to strengthen the material. The steel is next deoxidized by a carbon and oxygen reaction. A strongly deoxidized steel is called "killed", and a lesser degrees of deoxodized steels are called "semikilled", "capped", and "rimmed". Deformed Steel Bar is product of steel used as reinforcement bar in concrete Steels can either be cast directly to shape, or into ingots which are reheated and hot worked into a wrought shape by forging, extrusion, rolling, or other processes. Wrought steels are the most common engineering material used, and come in a variety of forms with different finishes and properties.

Standard Steels

According to the chemical compositions, standard steels can be classified into three major groups: carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels: Steels Compositions Carbon Steels Alloying elements do not exceed these limits: 1% carbon, 0.6% copper, 1.65% manganese, 0.4% phosphorus, 0.6% silicon, and 0.05% sulfur. Alloy Steels Steels that exceed the element limits for carbon steels. Also includes steels that contain elements not found in carbon steels such as nickel, chromium (up to 3.99%), cobalt, etc. Stainless Steels Contains at least 10% chromium, with or without other elements. Based on the structures, stainless steels can be grouped into three grades: Austenitic: Typically contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel and is widely known as 18-8. Nonmagnetic in annealed condition, this grade can only be hardened by cold working. Ferritic: Contains very little nickel and either 17% chromium or 12% chromium with other elements such as aluminum or titanium. Always magnetic, this grade can be hardened only by cold working. Martensitic: Typically contains 12% chromium and no nickel. This grade is magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment.

Tool Steels

Tool steels typically have excess carbides (carbon alloys) which make them hard and wear-resistant. Most tool steels are used in a heat-treated state, generally hardened and tempered. There are a number of categories assigned by AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute), each with an identifying letter:     W: Water-Hardening S: Shock-Resisting O: Cold-Work (Oil-Hardening) A: Cold-Work (Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening) D: Cold-Work (High-Carbon, High-Chromium) L: Low-Alloy F: Carbon-Tungsten P: P1-P19: Low-Carbon Mold Steels P20-P39: Other Mold Steels H: H1-H19: Chromium-Base Hot Work H20-H29: Tungsten-Base Hot Work H40-H59: Molybdenum-Base Hot Work T: High-Speed (Tungsten-Base) M: High-Speed (Molybdenum-Base)